JC Years

 I've had the opportunity recently to think through what my JC years were like. The funny thing is that I mainly remember the good parts. I did enjoy a few good albums. I had to remind myself about the bad parts too. Some of my peers have children who are already in JC. 

They were not good years when I was living them, but now I get nostalgic when looking back on them. It was basically a place where I was successful. I didn't know my job most of the time, but I made it, and I was successful, in terms of getting an “A” level result. I got into Snowy Hill.

Mainstream Singapore.

It was one of my few experiences in mainstream Singaporean society. Before that, I was in the company of the GEP kids. After that, I was in the amy, then Snowy Hill. When I was working for the "factory", half of my colleagues were foreigners. 

When I was living through it, the only thing that compared with it were the 2 best years of my life. So it felt like a letdown. It was just a blur of lecture after lecture, tardiness with homework. A lot of boredom. We were no longer in this gilded world where people worried about us being bored. We were no longer the centre of the universe. We were in the midst of these express kids who looked at us with this mixture of horrid fascination and envy.

I'm already at an age where I can no longer emotionally relate to that version o myself. Like I can imagine that 17 year old kid having a conversation with me now, and there would be a lot of awkward silence. I'd be bored to death with him, because I've already lived through his life, and he would be bored with me, because I would have to deal with a lot of crap that he wouldn't have been bothered with. Also, he might have heard about the internet, because one of the smart nerds mentioned it in passing to him, but he would not have a clue about the dominant role that it woul play for the rest of his life.

I remember that quite a few jokes I tried to tell fell flat. We went for dark, edgy, sarcastic humour. It was too British / American for the express kids to get. I felt trapped by our Confucian culture, who always made me feel like a bit of a misfit. I longed for the freedoms that the West seemed to offer. I think it was during those 2 years when I had the warmest feelings towards the West. That would change when I actually had to live in the West.

If I were to go back in time to my JC days, I would have told myself to be more accepting of society, and to see the good in people. (Actually more decent parents than mine would have done that. But mine were not very aware of things.) There was a lot of teaching us complex stuff that we would most probably never use. But it was stuff that I was good at, so I wasn't going to complain. But the school curriculum is something that resists change.

Boring

I remember being bored a lot of the time when I was there. Nobody was responsible for making things interesting for us. In secondary school, they tried to make sure that we weren't bored. But we didn't have that anymore. Of course, there were many ways of making life interesting on top of our cramming for exams, but I didn't use them. It was boring but nice.

I spent a lot of time going to Tower records. Back then, there was also Supreme records. I hovered around there, trying to decide what to buy, rather than actually buying and listening and moving on. That part wasn't good. It was diminishing returns. In a way, the mystery for me now is that JC was so similar to sec 3 and 4, but it felt so different. Maybe the newness of discovering my music hobby was wearing off. I remember playing bass at a performance with 2 of my acquaintances during a small concert, and the experience was so cringe and turn off.

I had a JC teacher who was also the creative writing teacher. She's passed away. People are starting to think that she has Asperger's or something. Our GP lessons were boring. I was the only one barely interested in talking in class and I was tired of being the only one. She wasn't terrible, but why did I have to have such a boring person?

I had a classmate who would leave her schoolbag out on the ledge before GP class. She would ask to go to the toilet halfway during class and never go back.

Year of angst, year of triumph

My time in that JC was divided into 2. The first year was me spent moping about why things had gone downhill since I had moved to JC. Social life was down, music was merely awesome and not jaw-droppingly awesome. I got involved with a disastrous drama production (OK, not merely involved, I was the principal – the director and playwright). My drama career was in tatters. I didn't have a social life. My grades were mediocre. I didn't get straight As for my “O” levels, so I was thrown into the class along with all the people who got a lot of As and a few Bs.

The second year was actually quite good, in another way. I only had one thing to do, and that was to study for my “A” levels. I was focused for the first time in years, and I went from having a C and a D in my promos to having almost straight “A”s in my prelims, and a few “S” paper distinctions. I cast out the distractions. People knew what to focus on.

I just got my head down and studied, and for the first time in a while, I started having good results. I didn't get involved in any ECA. It was calm and peaceful for the first time in a long while. It was boring but good. It was quietly awesome. I finally saw the light at the end of a tunnel: My university entrance requirements looked good, even without any proper planning other than “you have to get as good grades as possible”.

My dreams of being a mathlete were dead. My dreams of being a dramatist were dead. I had already achieved what I had achieved. There was no use brushing up your ECAs in your final year. But I still had a good set of exam results to look forward to. I mastered the material, I even aced my special papers, because I was able to go above and beyond what the average person was going to know about Maths and Physics at “A” levels. I remember working out a few first order differential equations, and then thinking to myself: damn, I'm good!!!

Maybe I was in a good mood because I had a job invigilating an exam. It was quite easy work, and I met a girl that I developed a crush on.

Also, I knew that that was the last year of K-12. I knew that life was good, I had some advantages in dealing with science and maths and they allowed me to sail through school life. I probably wasn't sure either way, but my life was about to get worse. I would struggle for the next few years after graduating from JC. In NS. In Snowy Hill. In the first few years of work.

In JC2, all I had to do was study hard, and I'd get my straight As. Actually, this was not 100% true, but I had a good shot at an almost straight A. But I really had to strive hard for it, and use all my advantages. And one of the advantages back then was that almost everybody was rooting for me. My teachers would write good things about me for my uni applications if I were to hit the marks. All I had to do was to fulfill my side of the bargain. I think that was the last time I managed to piece together a straight A semester. And later on, people would not be able to do what I did, which was to coast along with a B average all the time and push for an A in the end. People were looking at grade point averages and no longer allowing people to get away with having an idyllic life.

I had a classmate who didn't pass his promotional exams. It cast a shadow on me. He came good in the end, but I felt a little responsible for him failing because him getting involved in my drama production was probably a factor. In a way that drama production was a big push for me to carry on on the straight and narrow. I had my fun with the ECAs and it turned out to be disastrous, and it was almost a relief to do nothing more than study all the time.

That part of my life had something to teach me: the keeping your head down, being a steady person, living according to a structure, grinding away. Living on the straight and narrow. It wasn't romantic or wondrous like sec 3 and 4 were, but it was probably a good idea of what a more adult life was like. Good. Happy. Boring. I studied hard because it was a novel sensation, and I was in no way burnt out. I had been keeping up, I was just a bit behind, and I could use the home stretch to catch up. It was a big relief, after years of underperformance. I was maybe sick and tired of underperforming on my ECAs that it was a relief only having one thing to worry about.

And I was also lucky, because, as it turned out, I'm one of those guys who study better without the stress. (Some other people do better with the stress.) So during the prelims, I freaked out on one paper, and choked half an “A” levels subject. But other than that subject, for which I got a C, everything else was an A. I also got distinctions on my “S” papers. After November, there was an awful 3 month wait for the “A” levels to be graded, but I distinctly remember finding out that I got very good results, but instead of great joy, I felt mainly relief.

Crush

I put her at the back of my head for 4 years before reconnecting with her. I sometimes wonder if it was fate for me to be involved with her, because we met under rather coincidental circumstances. I didn't know that she was going to be a great source of misery. I got out of her life 12 years later, swearing never to return. So it was one whole zodiac cycle.

That's the really interesting thing: the things that seemed to be terrible were actually good for me. There was the painful adjustment to normal Singapore life. There was the disastrous drama production. There was the grind of studying. Those things turned out to be pretty good for me in the end. And there was codfish, and she turned out to be really bad, even though I have to admit that there were good times.

Manufactured Angst

There was quite a bit of self-loathing about Singapore back then. Maybe I got that from a good friend I was hanging out with. Maybe it was the elitist mentality. But that friend was gay, so I think that shaped his mindset. He was living in an unfriendly world.

Maybe the problem was that I saw myself through the eyes of the arts students and developed a self-loathing. Maybe this was the seed of me starting to hate mathematics, this love affair with mathematics turning into a love-hate affair. It would blow up when I went to Snowy Hill to do mathematics. Then I would find out that I'm not gifted in mathematics: I'm gifted in philosophy, and I actually dreaded the minutae of organising my thoughts into something worthwhile.

When I was in JC, that was the height of my love affair with the West. I was fascinated with the coverage of the OJ Simpson case. At that time it was still the era of grunge, so I bought into the Gen X narrative, that life was actually quite terrible: “my so-called life”, where everybody was pretending to be happy, and that to be more honest, you were supposed to show your true, angsty self. But I didn't have much self-awareness. Life in Singapore was actually really good, and I didn't actually know that. I was fretting over non-existent problems. There's so much of: “if only I had appreciated what I had back then!” People were complaining because they had real problems. My problems were mainly mental: I just had to learn to appreciate what I already had, to see the good things in life as they really were!

But there was a break in pop culture in the 90s: and it's only apparent when I look back on it. Grunge was a relief to me: it was a culture which acknowledged the seedy reality. It was the misfits and the outcasts briefly having their day in the sun: or at least it was about multiple subcultures having their day in the sun, having a tent large enough for everyone. But it was also about the bullies who dominated the culture being overthrown. Well – they were not bullies, but they were just people who expected everybody to be normal. Then Kurt Cobain killed himself.

So the troubled people who did grunge were cast aside from the main arena. The junkies in Alice in Chains and Stone Temple Pilots. Soundgarden, who treated their art as a form of therapy. In their place was britpop and Oasis. Noel Gallagher literally heard “I hate myself and I want to die” by Nirvana and wrote another song in response: “Live Forever”.

Grunge was itself a reaction against the masculinity of hair metal. Those guys worked hard and played hard. They were handsome and had chiselled features and always got the girls. But they were anal retentive, heteronormative, and always sang the same song over and over. Then now the pendulum swung back and alternative rock became less whiny. It was more joyous, communal, in love with itself, and with life. Public Enemy could be joyous, but it took itself too seriously. It got replaced with gangsta rap in the end, and the more cartoonish Wu Tang Clan. Beastie Boys already put out “Paul's Boutique” and “Check Your Head”. But those were ahead of its time. It's only around the time of “Ill Communication” when they got their due, and in turn they influenced Beck, who also worked with the Dust Brothers.

This new, more joyous mood was more like JC2. I listened quite a bit to Bjork's “Post”. It was weird, it wasn't entirely happy, but it wasn't completely angst ridden as well. It was the sound of a person who got her shit together, and who was enjoying life. Massive Attack's “Protection” was a reminder of what a great album “Blue Lines” was. It was like a nice, comfortable sweater, to be enjoyed by a laid back person.

There always was a bit of contempt for the lifestyle that Singapore had in store for us. Go to university, get a good job, get married, settle down, have kids. Maybe I loved the teenage lifestyle too much for that. Maybe there were certain things I could not get my head around and I never resolved that. Maybe I loved the fantasies more than the reality of using up my time on earth to do what I really wanted to do.

It was around this time when the idea was floated that maybe I could go overseas for my college. And I was very much looking forward to that, although I had no idea what to expect. Since I was more of a half empty than a half full person: being in NUS meant another few more years of a dreary existence. But going overseas meant that I would have to work so much harder to adjust to life. But it was around the time when some of the admissions officers from ivy league universities started visiting us. It's around that time when they pasted the rankings of top universities .

I remember barely knowing what to write, and knowing that I did not have enough life experience to talk about my personal statement. But on Snowy Hill's application, I did mention that I was the first person in my family to go to university, and that may have helped me.

I remember going to a reading room at somebody's house, and he had magazines from everywhere. I remember being in a room where you had all the back copies of “Financial Times”. This was before the internet, before Singapore's library branches got revamped and before Borders opened in Singapore. So to suddenly see a window upon the world was a vast eye-opener for me. I would say that JC2 was also for me the first year of hyper-globalisation, when everything would be changed. My first encounter with it was a good and happy one. That was before we knew that we were going to compete with foreigners for jobs for the rest of our lives.

In many ways I was cocooned in my comfort zone, and in other ways I was brought out of my comfort zone. It was being a fish out of water. In some ways I was just glad that ... there were 4 times that I had to deal with being a fish out of water. JC, National Service, college and work. And I'm glad that I negotiated all 4 of them.

Misfit

But one of the biggest stories was that everybody was growing up in ways that I wasn't able to. People were involved in student councils, leadership positions, representing Singapore in olympiads. My achievements were frankly quite modest compared to some of what others were up to. What my sister was up to.

I did feel very excluded from conversations. In retrospect, the failures of those years may have set me on the wrong course. It's well and good that I discovered that I excelled at academics and the arts. But in terms of living in the real world and managing things, these things barely registered with me. I would be an almighty grind for me to develop these skills that some people were more talented than me anyway. Maybe that's why it was so hard to talk to my fellow classmates at this point: people were dealing with things that barely registered on my radar, and I wasn't keeping up or keeping in. True, I had better music than most of them, but that would matter very little later on in life.

I didn't use the time to become a mathlete, or to have some music related activities. Maybe we were required to be more enterprising in order to have an interesting life, and I didn't have that yet. I remember JC orientation, and it just made me feel very disorientated. It was your introduction to high school, American style, where you had to negotiate the fragmented landscape of tribes and cultures, and adapt to another way of life that you didn't understand. It was what I would call “late adolescence”. I would still be cool in a few ways, but I think that would be the first of me being unable to navigate life well.

I'm older now, and I know more. I don't know if I can go back to being as ignorant as I was and try and make some sense of how and why I was unable to adjust. I'm more flexible, and more accommodating to changes in my life. For example, I didn't really understand or relate to the changes in mood. I didn't fully embrace the funkier version of 90s music. I was too wrapped up in my own angst. I don't know if that was my natural temperament.

I studied all the time, and maybe I didn't have anything else left over for friendship. Or I never mastered the give and take that it involved. Or I didn't know how to not be nerdy, or how to be cool. Or I couldn't step outside myself. I don't know: I was just lost in that arena.

This would also be the last time we had all our perks as children. Singapore does a great job of bringing up their children. We would be amazed at how organised everything is. All our lecture notes were printed out for us. They were literally called “handouts”. Some of them were fill in the blanks: we would go to lecture, the notes would have a few key words left out, and then we would attend the lectures and fill in the blanks. We were almost spoonfed everything. But some of us were just good at grasping concepts, and life was a breeze, we would ace everything, as long as we put in a nominal ammount of effort.

What I do know now is that I had difficulties with this “nominal amount of effort”. I made it, but I barely made it. They probably tried to create an environment where, if I failed, it would not be because I lacked executive function. And they hoped that I would pick it up later on in life. Well, I'm learning, but it's hard.

Much of my childhood was basically idyllic. I could laze away a few afternoons, owing to my failure to get my shit together to do something productive. What I do know now is that I was operating under near perfect conditions for creativity. But that wasn't it.

I'm a big believer that the school system should never take up all of a student's time. The student needs room to breathe, to grow, and to reflect. To become an individual. Since school is not one size fits all, every student is in some way a misfit, and he shouldn't be living like a misfit for all of his waking hours.

Live Through This

When I was in national service, I had a staff sergeant who was always happy to dish out advice for people who would listen. He said, “SAF stands for serve and fuck off. You come in here because you're required to do your 2.5 years. You do it, because everybody has to do it. And then you'd fuck off. And in the meantime, make sure that you leave with a clean slate. Do not go to DB and have it on your record. Do not extend your 2.5 years and serve more than what you came in here for. Do not suffer any permanent injuries or death.”

When I was in JC, I didn't have in mind that I was building a community. I had friends, and some of them were friends for a real long time. But I regarded most of my classmates as no more than fellow travellers, and I was just passing through. I didn't really keep in contact with them. That was the worst thing I did in JC. I was only at the middle of the totem pole, when I could have been nearer the top. I probably didn't understand then that it was not that hard to get more friends. Or maybe I hadn't resolved the mental blocks that would prevent me from getting down and hanging out.

So there were probably times when I could have developed executive functions. In JC, I just ignored them. In NS, I was just in a mindset where I wanted to get away with as little work as I could put in. In Snowy Hill, I was chasing down various things like I was chasing butterflies, barely thinking about how to put the big picture together. Later on in my working life, I was just happy to be a jack of all trades and a master of none. We always imagined that things would work out in the end. We always imagined that we could work hard and play hard and still come up on top.

Rise of the Middle Powers

The history of the world since 1945 is that World War 2 was the great anti-colonial war. The biggest impact of 1945, in retrospect, was that the power shifted from the imperialist to the natives. The UN was founded upon the premise that national borders were sacrosanct, and that invasion by another power, no matter how much more powerful that other power was, would be met with extremely violent pushbacks.

The major world powers that emerged after 1945 were USA and the USSR. Europe was divided between the “free world” and the communist states. In many ways, what happened in the aftermath of WW2 was that the old colonial empires collapsed. Britain, France, Netherlands, Japan and Portugal were war-wrecked states who struggled to survive, let alone hang on to their imperial acquisitions. Japan lost Taiwan and Korea. Netherlands lost Indonesia. The French lost Indochina. Britain, after the Suez canal incident, relinquished most of their overseas colonies.

The wars that did take place after the 50s and 60s showed the futility of the great powers to function as effective colonisers. The Korean war was significant, because it was a major conflict of the Cold War. It was fought to a standstill that still lasts until today. South Korea was under the influence of the West, and North Korea were allied with China and Russia. Neither the Communist bloc nor the “free world” was able to gain any significant advantage over the other. The Vietnam war was another draw: in the short run, the US-backed side, South Vietnam lost the war to the north. But the North, while nominally allied to Russia, eventually became more capitalist, in a development parallel to China's eventual embrace of capitalism. This ironically turned the North and south Vietnam towards the US side, because the US were now the protectors of Vietnam against China. China also had a border skirmish with Vietnam in 1979 and later on thought better of it.

The USSR tried to invade Afghanistan to control it better, but it got trapped in a morass where it was drained of resources, eventually breaking up and leading to the downfall of its empire. Then the US tried to invade Afghanistan, and tried to colonise it for 20 years, and eventually had to give up and leave.

Iraq and Syria were Baathist states and aligned with the Soviet Union. Then the Soviet Union collapsed and the US started encroaching on Iraq and Syria. The Syrian war represented a pushback by Russia, and was gained at considerable cost. The US managed to make Iran some kind of a client state in 1953, but the revolution in 1979 cemented its status as some kind of independent power centre. Iraq became an ally of the US after the invasion of 2003, but this was gained at considerable cost. Israel has always been a pet of the US, but this status is threatened by the Arabs in Michigan who are outraged by Biden's staunch support of Israel and are threatening to withhold their support for him until he changes tack on the Palestinian issue.

One of the triumphs of the west “winning” the Cold War is that China became a capitalist participant in the global trading system. But instead of China turning into a second Japan, who is a loyal sidekick of the West, it became a world superpower unto itself and a possible adversary of the West. Yet it has yet to exercise its military power, with the exception of “fishing boats” in the South China Sea. People are wondering just what sort of China we will see should they choose to flex their military strength. Considering the strategic position of Burma, it is very notable that they have not – to the best of my knowledge – intervened in the Myanmese civil war. Perhaps it knows that it's just better to work with whichever side wins? Perhaps it knows that the winner of any war is the party who does not participate in the conflict?

The other prize of the cold war is that the iron curtain ostensibly fell. Now, we know that it's not true that the iron curtain disappeared. We thought that the Eastern European countries would embrace liberal democracy, and that the western-most Soviet states – notably Ukraine, the Baltic states, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan would eventually try to be more like the West. But that was just a fantasy. In retrospect, the US failed to turn Russia into a more western-like country, like France or Canada. The post-communist reforms were very poorly thought out and executed. Russia became a mafia-state, a petro-state, an oligarchy. It may have had a few years of prosperity in the early Putin years, but it turned into a one man dictatorship, similar to the central Asian -stans. This fantasy completely evaporated when Russia invaded Ukraine for the second time in 2022. This sparked a lot of discussion, whereby it became apparent that the cold war vanished for a few years, only to return with a vengeance. The expansion of NATO and the EU turned out not to be the “end of history” enacting itself, but a power struggle whereby the iron curtain as nudged further and further to the east, until the Russians got fed up and decided it had had enough. There were military actions in Syria, Georgia and the Armenian – Azeri conflicts. These, in retrospect, were attempts by the Russians to re-assert itself in parts of the world where they felt like they were losing influence. But in many ways, you could see these, too, as failed attempts by Russia to claw back territory it once held, and reflective of a larger trend, which is that it's harder and harder for the powerful countries to extend their influence over the globe.

In Africa, in the 70s and 80s, the Soviets were trying to dominate Africa. Communist states were established in Angola, Ethiopia and Central Africa. This went away quickly after the USSR collapsed. I think that Zaire was a client of the west and one of the dictatorships supported by the USA. After the cold war, there were the great Congo wars, where various parties were jockeying for influence. One of the great tragedies in this was the Rwandan genocide. But there were also plenty of conflicts in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Then, more recently, there were a series of recent coups all over Francophone Africa. The one common thread through many of these conflicts is that the western powers and China were to a lesser and lesser extent in charge.

Arab Spring was another blow to the Americans' ability to shape events in the Middle East. Previously they had propped up dictators in Egypt, the Gulf States and Jordan. Now, they were relinquish Hosni Mubarak as an ally and have to deal with Egypt's experiment with democracy. Conflicts in Libya and Syria were sparked off. Turkey, The Gulf States, Russia and Iran started to try influencing events in the region. The Islamic State ruled for a few years, and eventually were defeated militarily, and then it settled into a pattern of the great powers waging war via proxy. In a way, the Houthi conflict was a proxy war between the Houthis, backed by Iran, and the Saudis. The Syrian Baathists were backed by Russia and Iran. Before 2003, the Middle East was a system where the great powers tried to influence the dictators, and the dictators ruled their countries with an iron fist. Now, it became an arena for the regional actors – Iran, Turkey, the Gulf States – to fight each other via proxy war.

The Belt and Road had always been about China creeping onto Russia's turf. After Russia collapsed, the Central Asian -stans were always ruled over by iron fisted dictators. However, after the Kasakh dictator stepped down, the legacy of his power didn't seem to be as iron-clad as it used to be. It's a bit hard to tell whether the Central Asians are going to be more allied to China or Russia in the future, and that is one of the very big questions that surround China and Russia's pronouncement that they had a relationship “without limits”. Were they drawn together due to their common interest in banding together against the West? Or is this like the Molotov-Ribbentropp pact, whereby the 2 powers pretend to shake hands, but are actually getting ready for a new situation whereby they might have to do battle with each other? Russia may not be completely happy with their incursions into Central Asia, but it finds itself fatally weakened by the continuing conflict over Ukraine, and it cannot but cede some power to India and China, who are swarming over it like vultures. In the 19^th century, we had the scramble for China and the scramble for Africa. Now we have the scramble for Russia.

There are several ways of interpreting the border conflict of the US-Mexico border. One of them is that what is going on in US is a migrant crisis. The other way of interpreting it is that the Monroe doctrine is in trouble. The US had sought to influence Latin America by establishing juntas all over the continent. The military dictatorships of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, as well as a few smaller countries in Central America were allied with the US. But it's no longer able to conduct this influence. Ross Perot's comment that all the jobs were going to Mexico (and making a “giant sucking sound”) has turned out to be quite prophetic, although it is also true that many other jobs – not all of which are good jobs – have been created to replace it. Mexico is an example of the “second world”, a place where economic development is taking place, but lacks the governance one would expect of a first world country. It's a place where things could get better, because of the prosperity and the development, and it could also get worse, because of the lawlessness and the criminal cartels moving in to cash in on the profits. The classic example of this is that infrastructure development has resulted in a place turning into a conduit for illegal drugs. Mexico has become a place where – when the US attempts to shut out a certain industry through tariffs and trade borders, other countries try to establish manufacturing facilities in Mexico, so as to bypass those trade borders.

So the US is losing its iron grip over Latin and South America. It no longer controls the military dictatorships, and the leftist governments have had their intermittent stints in power. And China is starting to encroach onto its turf. It is no longer able to establish a clear line of separation between the US mainland – which is a first world country and free of crime, and Central America, where the crime bosses and drug trade rules the roost. It is no longer able to stop Mexicans from competing with it on a few crucial industries. The US no longer commands the respect of Southern and Central American leaders. There was a conference for the Americas that was held in Los Angeles recently, and the US had some problems getting people to turn up.

Another interesting development is the expansion of the BRICS. It used to be that BRICS was dominated by China. This time, they have persuaded Egypt, Ethiopia, UAE and Iran to tag along. Argentina considered it, but they eventually decided not to join. There's not very much that unites the new members, but a few of them seem to be countries which are embroiled in some kind of conflict. I don't know if they are seeking safety in numbers or are trying to find an alternate power centre to the west. Either way, it is a very intriguing development. It's very difficult to imagine the BRICS countries moving in lockstep with China. But it's also very difficult to imagine what the Quad – US, Australia, Japan and India being a tightly knit coalition. It's entirely possible that all parties just want the economic benefits of more world trade.

The world is starting to transition. Previously, the nations outside of the great powers were weak and helpless. They were easily dominated, and they were passive and weak participants in the spheres of dominance. People had to choose sides, regarding who they wanted to ally themselves to. Now, a lot of countries have ties with both China and the US, and are unwilling to commit themselves to be firmly in anyone's camp. Duterte wanted to steer the Philippines closer to China. Marcos wants it to be closr to the US. Ma Ying-Jeou wants Taiwan to have more of a rapproachment to the mainland. Tsai Ying-wen is steeling Taiwan to stand up to China. Lai Ching-Te opposes mainland influence on Taiwan but is also trying not to get Taiwan into trouble. Israel is uncertain whether to side with US or Russia. Southeast Asia likes the security umbrella marshalled by the US, but also likes having economic ties with China.

Basically, nobody wants to be having to choose between the spheres of influence between the big powers. Perhaps spheres of influence is an outdated concept. It seems that “areas of conflict” is a more likely term of description for what's going on in the world today. The superpowers are in a dilemma: if you are too friendly with another superpower, they can turn around and hurt you. But if you engage in conflict with that superpower, then both sides will stand to lose. The smaller states are starting to realise this. They're starting to understand that the big powers can be played against each other, and that if any of the big powers want to engage in a rivalry with another one, they'll have to marshall support from the medium sized nations, who may use that as a leverage against the bigger power.